Method and apparatus for changing operational modes of a transport refrigeration system

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for changing operational modes of a transport refrigeration unit, where the unit is capable of operating in a continuous heating/cooling mode or an automatic start/stop heating/cooling mode. A supply air temperature sensor measures the temperature of the air exiting the unit, a return air temperature sensor measures the temperature of the air returning to the unit, and an ambient air temperature sensor measures the temperature of the ambient air outside the unit. A controller electrically connected to the sensors determines if the ambient air temperature is above or below a pre-determined setpoint temperature, determines if the temperature differential across the return and supply air sensors is above or below a pre-determined upper threshold or a pre-determined lower threshold, and then changes the operational mode of the unit based upon such determinations and the prior operational mode of the unit.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to transport refrigeration systems, andmore particularly to a method for changing operational modes oftransport refrigeration systems.

2. Description of Related Art

A particular difficulty of transporting perishable items is that suchitems must be maintained within a narrow temperature range to prevent,depending on the items, spoilage or conversely damage from freezing. Inorder to maintain proper temperatures within a transport cargo spacetemperature sensors are typically provided in a transport refrigerationunit that measure both the supply air and return air temperaturesexiting and entering the unit, respectively. These sensors are usuallyhoused directly within the refrigeration unit so that the sensors can bepositioned during manufacture of the unit rather than having to bereinstalled each time a unit is moved to a new cargo container.

It has been recognized, however, that the temperature of the perishableswithin a cargo space does not necessarily correspond with either thetemperature of the refrigeration unit's supply or return air. When sucha unit is operated in an automatic start/stop mode for the purpose ofconserving fuel by the unit's internal combustion engine, basing theunit's operational cycle on the supply air temperature may cause theunit to cease operation before the temperature within the perishablecontainer is properly "pulled down" to a pre-determined setpointtemperature, thus leading to spoilage. Similarly, if the operationalcycle is based upon the return air sensor then the perishables may"top-freeze" from too much supply air.

Transport refrigeration monitoring systems for use with perishableproducts are well known. Truckenbrod et al (U.S. Pat. No. 5,209,072)("Truckenbrod") teaches a refrigeration control system having multiplesensors that varies the sensor being used to control the refrigerationunit based upon the interrelation of the sensors, and it is herebyincorporated by reference. The Truckenbrod system, however, is limitedby both its complexity and inability to operate in a start/stopmode-that is, the engine used in association with Truckenbrod et al. isin continuous operation and therefore cannot enjoy the fuel savings of astart/stop operational mode. It would be desirable to have a transportrefrigeration system that could run in a start/stop mode so as to enjoyfuel savings over running in a continuous operation mode whilemaintaining the integrity of perishable products within the transportcontainer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One object of the present invention is to provide a transportrefrigeration unit capable of maintaining the integrity of perishableswithin a cargo space using temperature sensors housed on or within therefrigeration unit.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a transportrefrigeration unit capable of maintaining the integrity of perishableswithin a cargo space that can still operate in an automatic start/stopmode so as to enjoy increased fuel savings over simply operating in acontinuous mode.

According to the present invention, a method and apparatus for changingoperational modes of a transport refrigeration unit is provided, wherethe unit is capable of operating in a continuous heating/cooling mode oran automatic start/stop heating/cooling mode. A supply air temperaturesensor measures the temperature of the air exiting the unit, a returnair temperature sensor measures the temperature of the air returning tothe unit, and an ambient air temperature sensor measures the temperatureof the ambient air outside the unit. A controller electrically connectedto the sensors determines if the ambient air temperature is above orbelow a pre-determined setpoint temperature, determines if thetemperature differential across the return and supply air sensors isabove or below a pre-determined upper threshold or a predetermined lowerthreshold, and then changes the operational mode of the unit based uponsuch determinations and the prior operational mode of the unit.

These and other objects, features, and advantages of the presentinvention will become more apparent in light of the following detaileddescription of a best mode embodiment thereof, as illustrated in theaccompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side view of a trailer having a transport refrigeration unitmounted thereon with a portion of the trailer cut away to show aircirculation throughout the trailer.

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of a typical start/stop operationalmode of a transport refrigeration unit where a return air sensor is usedto control temperature cycles.

FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of a typical continuous operationalmode of a transport refrigeration unit where a return air sensor is usedto control temperature cycles.

FIG. 4 is a functional schematic diagram of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to the drawings wherein like numerals designatecorresponding parts throughout the various views, FIG. 1 is a side viewof a trailer 10 having a transport refrigeration unit 12 mounted thereonwith a portion of the trailer cut away to show air circulationthroughout the trailer. The refrigeration unit 12 has a supply airdischarge vent 14, a return air intake vent 16, a supply temperaturesensor 18 and a return temperature sensor 20. Conditioned air isdischarged from the refrigeration unit 12 through vent 14 into thetrailer 10 and circulates around perishables 22 as shown by the flowarrows. As the air is discharged from the refrigeration unit 12, itpasses across the supply sensor 18, which measures the supply airtemperature and supplies this value to a controller, which will bedescribed further in conjunction with FIG. 4.

The supply air eventually falls to the bottom of the trailer and makesits way amongst the perishables 22 back to the intake vent 16. As thereturn air is drawn into the refrigeration unit 12, it passes across thereturn sensor 20, which similarly measures the temperature of the returnair and supplies this value to the aforementioned controller.

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of a typical start/stop operationalmode of a transport refrigeration unit where a return air sensor is usedto control temperature cycles. FIG. 2 illustrates the temperatures ofsupply and return air during a "pull down" when the ambient temperatureis higher than the setpoint temperature (T_(S)) selected for theparticular perishable cargo. A pull down is when the transportenvironment, such as a trailer, is brought down to a predeterminedsetpoint temperature and is usually required upon loading of perishablesinto such environment. Temperature is shown on the Y axis while time isshown on the X axis, and the difference between the return and supplycurves represents the differential, or ΔT, between the two values.

When an auto stop/start mode is used to pull down the perishableenvironment, the temperature of the supply air continues to fall untilthe return air reaches T_(S). The unit would then automaticallydiscontinue operation until such time that the return air sensormeasured a temperature at or above a pre-determined level, at whichpoint the unit would resume operation and supply cooled air until thereturn sensor returns a value of T_(S). This cycle would then continuein a similar fashion throughout the duration of the perishabletransportation. In this manner, the unit conserves fuel by avoidingcontinuous operation of its internal combustion engine. Yet, bycomparison of ΔT at the times t₁ and t₂, it can be seen that ΔT remainsessentially constant over time. It is desirable to have ΔT become assmall as possible after a pull down so that the perishable environmentremains within a narrow range, thus preventing either spoilage orfreezing damage to the perishables.

FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of a typical continuous operationalmode of a transport refrigeration unit where a return air sensor is usedto control temperature cycles. FIG. 3 depicts the same situation asdescribed in conjunction with FIG. 2 except that the refrigeration unithas been set to operate in continuous mode rather than an automaticstart/stop mode. As was the case with the automatic stop/start operationmode of FIG. 2, a large ΔT exists at a time t₁ when pull down of thecargo space first begins.

The continuous mode differs from the automatic stop/start mode in thatthe unit begins to fluctuate between supplying heated air and cooled airto the cargo space when the return sensor detects T_(S). In this manner,ΔT can be brought within a narrow range, as shown at t₂, so as to avoidspoilage and top-freezing of the perishables. Nonetheless, the internalcombustion engine of the refrigeration unit must continue to operate andconsume fuel throughout the entire transportation duration to maintainsuch a continuous mode.

The present invention combines the fuel savings of the automaticstart/stop operational mode with the small ΔT achieved in a continuousoperational mode by providing the ability to automatically andselectively switch between the two modes. The continuous operationalmode is used during an initial pull-down to insure that ΔT is quicklybrought within a narrow range. Then, the automatic stop/start mode maybe initiated to conserve fuel, and the unit remains in such mode untilthe value of ΔT begins to increase beyond predetermined upper or lowertemperature thresholds above and below the setpoint value, respectively.Continuous operation mode will then be engaged until such time as ΔT isbrought back within the narrow range between the upper and lowertemperature thresholds, when the automatic start/stop mode may resume.The duration over which the automatic start/stop mode will operate willincrease as the ambient temperature gets closer to setpoint, andvice-versa. FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate how this switching is accomplished.

FIG. 4 is a functional schematic diagram of the present invention. Acontroller 24 receives temperature inputs from a supply sensor 26, anambient sensor 28, and a return sensor 30, as described in conjunctionwith the sensors 18, 21, and 20, respectively, of FIG. 1.

The controller 24 also receives input from a user input console 32,which allows the user to input a desired setpoint temperature for agiven load of perishables. The user input console 32 may also allow auser to input whether the unit should be operated in a continuous modeat all times, which may be desirable in extreme ambient temperatures, orwhether the unit should alternate between continuous and automaticstart/stop modes. If the user selects the alternating modes option, thenthe user will also be permitted to input the aforementioned upper andlower threshold temperatures, which will probably be a few degrees (orless) above and below the setpoint temperature.

Upon receiving an alternating modes command from the user input console32, the controller 24 will cause the internal combustion engine 34 ofthe refrigeration unit to run continuously until AT is brought withinthe upper and lower threshold temperatures. In addition to engine 34 therefrigeration unit includes an electrical generator 36 driven by theengine, which in turn supplies power to an electric motor 38 whichdrives a refrigerant compressor 40. Other components of therefrigeration unit are not shown as they are well known in the art. OnceΔT is brought within the upper and lower threshold temperatures thecontroller 24 switches to an automatic start/stop mode and turns theengine 34 on and off accordingly.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of the present invention. The selection processbetween the continuous and automatic start/stop operational modes beginsat 42 when the user initiates operation of the refrigeration unit 12which causes a control system initialization, which includes enginestart-up, as shown at 44. After initialization, the controller 24determines if the engine 34 is running or not, as shown at 46. Suchdetermination may be accomplished through the use of a magnetic pickupor other suitable means. If the engine is not running, the controller 24then determines if a pre-determined minimum off time has elapsed beforestarting the control system initialization again, which is shown at 48.The minimum off time is provided in order to ensure that the engine hasstopped moving before attempting to crank it again and also to allow theengine time to recover from engine shutdowns, due to events such asoverheating and the like.

If in step 46 it is determined that the engine 34 is running, thecontroller 24 then determines if a pre-determined minimum run time hasoccurred, as shown at 50. The reason for incorporating a minimum runtime is to cause continuous mode operation following engine start. Thisis desirable because normally when the engine 34 is off the cargo spacetemperature will have either fallen or risen in accordance with theambient temperature, so extended heating or cooling will be required tominimize the value of ΔT. If the minimum run time has not transpired,then the controller reverts to step 46 until such occurrence haselapsed.

When the minimum run time has elapsed, the controller next determineswhat the last operational mode was, as shown at 52. If the prioroperational mode was automatic stop/start, the controller then nextdetermines if the ambient temperature (T_(A)) is greater than thepredetermined setpoint temperature (T_(S)), as shown at 54. If it isthen ΔT, which equals the return air temperature minus the supply airtemperature, will be positive (ΔT_(P)), because the return air willalways be hotter than the supply air under such ambient conditions.Likewise, if T_(A) is lower than T_(S), it indicates that the return airwill be cooler than the supply air, and ΔT will be negative (ΔT_(N)).

When T_(A) is greater than T_(S), the controller 24 determines if ΔT_(P)is greater than the upper threshold temperature (T_(U)), as shown at 56.The controller 24 is programmed to compare the value of ΔT with T_(U)because of the high value of T_(A) relative to T_(S). If ΔT_(P) isgreater than T_(U), then the controller will change the operational modefrom automatic stop/start to continuous, as shown at 58, since the valueof ΔT_(P) exceeds the upper threshold. Otherwise, the controller 24 willmaintain a stop/start mode and return to step 46.

If it is determined in step 54 that T_(A) is not greater than T_(S),then the controller 24 determines if ΔT_(N) is less than the lowerthreshold temperature (T_(L)), as shown at 60. The controller 24 knowsto compare the value of ΔT with T_(L) because of the low value of T_(A)relative to T_(S). If ΔT_(N) is less than T_(L), then the controllerwill change the operational mode from automatic stop/start tocontinuous, as shown at 62, since the value of ΔT_(N) exceeds the upperthreshold. Otherwise, the controller 24 will maintain a stop/start modeand return to step 46.

If it is determined at step 52 that the prior operational mode wascontinuous, then the controller next determines if T_(A) is greater thanT_(S), as shown at 64. Again, this means that ΔT will be positive(ΔT_(P)), and the controller will then check to see if ΔT_(P) is lessthan T_(U), as shown at 66. If this condition exists, the controllerwill correspondingly switch to automatic start/stop mode, as shown at68, since ΔT is within an acceptable range about T_(S). Otherwise, thecontroller 24 will maintain a continuous mode and return to step 46.

Finally, if it is determined at step 64 that T_(A) is not greater thanT_(S), then ΔT will be negative (ΔT_(N)) and the controller 24 willcheck to see if ΔT_(N) is less than T_(L), as shown at 70. If it is, thecontroller 24 will correspondingly switch to automatic start/stop mode,as shown at 72, since ΔT is within an acceptable range about T_(S).Otherwise, the controller 24 will maintain a continuous mode and returnto step 46.

Though the above description primarily describes operation in a pulldown situation, i.e. when the ambient temperature is higher than thesetpoint temperature, the unit will operate in a like manner when theambient temperature is lower than the setpoint. In such case thecontroller 24 will cause the unit to heat the cargo space rather thancool it, but the operational steps of the present invention are the sameas just described. Furthermore, it should be appreciated that thepresent invention is equally applicable to all transport refrigerationunits, such as container refrigeration units, reefer units mounted ontractor trailers, and the like, and is not limited solely to tractortrailer refrigeration units. Furthermore, though a primary focus of theinvention is to allow fuel savings, the present invention may be used inconjunction with a transport refrigeration unit having an electric motorrather than an internal combustion engine, and would result in powersavings instead of fuel savings.

Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to abest mode embodiment thereof, it should be understood by those skilledin the art that various changes, omissions, and additions may be made tothe form and detail of the disclosed embodiment without departing fromthe spirit and scope of the invention as recited in the followingclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for changing operational modes of atransport refrigeration unit, the unit being capable of operating in acontinuous heating/cooling mode or an automatic start/stopheating/cooling mode, comprising:a supply air temperature sensor formeasuring the temperature of the air exiting the unit; a return airtemperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the air returning tothe unit; an ambient air temperature sensor for measuring thetemperature of the ambient air outside the unit; and a controllerelectrically connected to said supply, return, and ambient air sensorsfor determining if said ambient air temperature is above or below apredetermined setpoint temperature, determining if the temperaturedifferential across said return and supply air sensors is above or belowa pre-determined upper threshold or a pre-determined lower threshold,and changing the operational mode of said unit in accordance with saiddeterminations and the prior operational mode of said unit.
 2. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein said controller changes the operation ofsaid unit to said continuous mode following a determination that saidunit is operating in said stop/start mode, a determination that saidambient air temperature is at or above said setpoint temperature, and adetermination that said differential is at or above said upperthreshold.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said controller changesthe operation of said unit to said continuous mode following adetermination that said unit is operating in said stop/start mode, adetermination that said ambient air temperature is below said setpointtemperature, and a determination that said differential is below saidlower threshold.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said controllerchanges the operation of said unit to said start/stop mode following adetermination that said unit is operating in said continuous mode, adetermination that said ambient air temperature is at or above saidsetpoint temperature, and a determination that said differential isbelow said upper threshold.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein saidcontroller changes the operation of said unit to said start/stop modefollowing a determination that said unit is operating in said continuousmode, a determination that said ambient air temperature is below saidsetpoint temperature, and a determination that said differential is ator above said lower threshold.